Philosopher Philip Goff writes: “Somehow little subjects, such as electrons and quarks, come together to produce big conscious subjects, such as human brains.”
[Note: it was difficult to decide whether or not to use the term “big conscious subject” or “big mind” in the following because Philip Goff often uses the words “conscious subject” and “mind” interchangeably in the paper commented on — despite them having different meanings or connotations.]
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The panpsychist philosopher Philip Goff doesn’t use the words “strong emergence” and “weak emergence” in his paper, ‘The Phenomenal Bonding Solution to the Combination Problem’. Nonetheless, that distinction is at the heart of at least some sections of his paper.
The basic question is whether or not a (to use hyperbolic capitals) Big Conscious Subject is more than the mere sum of “its” little conscious subjects. That is, does something additional happen when little conscious subjects are added (or “summed”) together to “constitute” a Big Conscious Subject?
Having made that point, it may well be the case that I’m barking up the wrong tree here. This is why.
In a seminar entitled ‘On Non-Compositional Panpsychism’, Philip Goff claims that the “mind is multiply located”. (Here Goff uses the word “mind”, not “subject”.) This, at first glance, seems to create a problem for much of what’s been written above. However, Goff (in the seminar) doesn’t really provide much detail for his position. And even if there are arguments in its favour, they may not make much of a difference to this essay.
Again, if the mind is multiply located and (as Goff also says) “wholly present many times in the brain”, then that does seem to create problems for the arguments expressed (by Goff) in the following.
So what does Goff’s claim mean?
Surely if the (singular) mind is multiply located, then that seems to go against claims about “little subjects”. It also seems to rule out any point of “bonding”. That is, if the mind is multiply located (as well as wholly present many times), then there doesn’t seem to be a strong requirement for either little minds or for their bonding.
Indeed this may be the reason why Goff prefers the word “composition” to “combination” (as in the combination problem). That is, does the word “combination” imply strong emergence; whereas the word “composition” doesn’t?
Strong Emergence?
One interesting virtue of panpsychism — at least on some readings — is that it doesn’t appear to require any form of emergence. That is, according to panpsychism, consciousness (or experience) doesn’t suddenly emerge from the physical: it’s there from the very beginning (i.e., in the very small parts of the brain). Yet, on the other hand, when it comes to the combination problem, it can be argued — and sometimes is argued — that new aspects of consciousness or experience (strongly?) emerge from these little pockets of experience. (This will be discussed later.)
How does that (possible) rejection of what’s called strong emergence actually work?
Take x.
x is simply the sum of a, b, c…
Thus x doesn’t emerge from its parts in any strong sense.
In terms of the brain and consciousness (or experience). The latter doesn’t emerge from the former.
Are the brain and consciousness one and the same thing? Or, less radically, are the brain and consciousness one and the same thing under two (to use Frege’s phrase) “modes of presentation”?
This is how Goff puts his position:
“[M]y mind is a macroscopic entity which derives its nature from the microscopic entities which compose it, ultimately from the entities that fundamental physics talks about, which the panpsychist takes to be conscious subjects.”
Here we have loads of little “entities” making up a big x. Again, x doesn’t emerge from these little entities. It equals (or is) these little entities. That is, if consciousness (or mind) is found even at the micro-scale; then consciousness (or mind) can’t be separate from the brain — it is simply the “combination” (or “composition”) of all these phenomenal brainparts. That is,
the combination of phenomenal little conscious subjects = the Big Conscious Subject
Or:
consciousness/the mind doesn’t emerge from the brain’s various — and many! — phenomenal or experiential brainparts. It is those various — and many — phenomenal or experiential brainparts.
Less schematically, little pockets of phenomenal experience (metaphorically?) get together to create a big subject of consciousness. Yet even though we have a sum, a composition or a combination, there’s still no emergence of any kind. Or as Goff puts it:
“Somehow little subjects, such as electrons and quarks, come together to produce big conscious subjects, such as human brains.”
Again, although the Big Conscious Subject is the combination (sum or composition) of little conscious subjects, there’s still no emergence of the former from the latter…
… But not so quick!
The problem is that Goff does cite an example of strong emergence.
Goff does so when he gives the example of “little subjects” actually “seeing” all the “colours of the spectrum” — individually. Then, when these little conscious subjects are taken together (as a single Big Conscious Subject), Goff postulates that they may bring about “a visual experience as of seeing white”. In other words, we have little conscious subjects experiencing the various colours of the spectrum separately summing together to produce a Big Conscious Subject which experiences the colour white. This Big Conscious Subject’s experience of white is, therefore, over and above the many and varied experiences of all the little conscious subjects which constitute or (to use Goff’’s term) “compose” it.
Surely this is an example of strong emergence.
This means that in all the above respects, Goff’s panpsychism (at least at it impinges on the mind or consciousness) can be a taken as a kind of monism. More controversially, however, it can also be seen as a new version of the identity theory of mind. That is, little conscious subjects are instantiated in the brain’s many and various (physical) parts, and their sum equals a Big Conscious Subject. And that Big Conscious Subject, in turn, is instantiated in the brain as a whole.
It’s certainly the case that Goff is well aware of the problems that this kind of phenomenal combinatorialism faces.
Weak and Strong Emergence
Goff states the problems in various places. For example, Goff writes:
“Small objects with certain shapes, e.g. Lego bricks, can constitute a larger object with a different shape, e.g. a Lego tower. But it is difficult to see how, say, seven subjects of experience, each of which has a visual experience as of seeing one of the colours of the spectrum, could constitute a distinct subject of experience having a visual experience as of seeing white [].”
Four matchsticks put in random places — even if close together — won’t constitute a square shape. However, they can be arranged to make a square shape. Nonetheless, the square shape is entirely a product of the four matchsticks…
There’s no strong emergence here.
Goff concedes that when it comes to little pockets of experience and a Big Conscious Subject, then we have something different. But is it strong emergence?
Goff’s own scenario (as already stated) is about the sum of the little-subjects’ experiences creating an entirely different experience — that of a Big Conscious Subject. Thus each little conscious subject is like a little matchstick. Taken on its own, each little matchstick can’t constitute a square. Taken together with three other little matchsticks, they can constitute a square. Similarly (or nearly so!) with little pockets of experience. Taken individually they “see” different “colours of the spectrum”. Taken together (at least in theory) they may bring about “a visual experience as of seeing white”...
… Yet these examples aren’t of a kind.
A matchstick square is nothing over and above the individual four matchsticks which constitute the square. In Goff’s case, we have little conscious subjects experiencing various colours of the spectrum — summing together to produce a Big Conscious Subject which experiences the colour white.
There is a spectrum of colour. However, does it follow from this that even if little conscious subjects did experience the individual colours of the spectrum individually that that their sum would necessarily — or even hypothetically — bring about a Big Conscious Subject which experiences the colour white? (It’s hard to make physical, scientific and/or neuroscientific sense of all this.)
Goff himself seems to make a distinction between weak and strong emergence when he cites his own Lego example. He writes:
“Take the case of seven Lego cubes placed on top of each other to make a rectangular tower. The mere existence of those bricks, each having a specific shape and location, necessitates the existence of the tower having the shape and location it has.”
More technically:
“The existence of a group of spatial objects, O¹….On, with certain shapes and locations, can necessitate the existence of a spatial object with a shape and location different to the shape and location of each of O¹… Oⁿ.”
Firstly Goff puts this position without mentioning consciousness or anything else directed related to it. He argues that
“the defining characteristic of constitution being that constituted states of affairs are nothing over and above the states of affairs which constitute them”.
That is a statement of weak emergence.
Clearly, at a prima facie level, weak emergence won’t do the job that panpsychists want it to do. A Big Conscious Subject is something more than a mere sum of little conscious subjects (or of tiny pockets of experience).
Then Goff puts that weak emergence position as it may relate to consciousness. He writes:
“Constitutive panpsychism — O-phenomenal facts are constituted by, and hence are nothing over above, the micro-phenomenal facts.”
Here again, that position doesn’t do the job that panpsychists want it to do.
Thus Goff puts the strong-emergence position as it directly relates to panpsychism and consciousness. He writes:
“Intelligible emergentist panpsychism — O-phenomenal facts are intelligibly produced by, but are something over and above, the microlevel facts.”
Clearly now we need to account for that strong emergence. (Philosophers and scientists attempt to account for strong emergence in many cases outside of the issue of consciousness.)
Here, instead of the usual problem of the sum of the brain’s purely physical parts accounting for mentality or consciousness, we have a similar problem of the sum of the brain’s little conscious subjects accounting for a Big Conscious Subject.
Goff explains this in terms of what he calls “bonding”. This means that not only have we to explain the bonding of little conscious subjects: we also need to explain how the sum of such little conscious subjects can create a Big Conscious Subject which is over and above that sum.
In any case, at least that sum of little conscious subjects only includes those entities which exist within the brain. And that’s why Goff has a problem with what he calls “unrestricted phenomenal composition” (see unrestricted composition) . He writes:
“According to unrestricted phenomenal composition, for any group of subjects, say, the particles forming your nose, my teeth and the planet Venus, those subjects are related by the phenomenal bonding relation and hence produce a further subject.”
Goff doesn’t accept such examples of unrestricted phenomenal composition; just as most people believe that the fusion (or simple juxtaposition/joining) of your backside, the coffee cup you’re holding at present, and the moon above you don’t together constitute yet another bona fide object.
Goff writes:
“Obviously, some form of restricted phenomenal composition, according to which some but not all subjects are such that they bear the phenomenal bonding relation to each other, will be more in keeping with pre-theoretical common sense.”
Goff believes that all the relevant little conscious subjects must belong to the same brain. (As Goff puts it, the little conscious subjects must belong to “the brains/central nervous systems of organisms”.) There are of course innumerable other little conscious subjects in the panpsychist universe (e.g., in a thermostat or deep within a sea of a distant planet) which aren’t at all relevant when it comes to the constitution or composition of the Big Conscious Subjects that are individual human persons.
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